True Power in Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell Essay

The quest for power is one which has been etched into the minds of men throughout history. However, it can be said that true power is not a result of one’s actions but comes from the following one’s own beliefs without being influenced by others. This principle sets up the story for Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell. The protagonist, Orwell himself, is a sub divisional police officer in Burma, a British colony. Orwell must try to find and use his inner power when he is faced with the decision of whether or not to kill an elephant which has ravaged the Burman’s homes. The state of power established through the imperialistic backdrop show that Orwell, as a colonist, should be in control. As well, the perspective and ideas given by Orwell†¦show more content†¦However, any power given to him through the imperialistic setting is lost, because Orwell exists as a part of a minority in Burma. With this dilemma, Orwell notices the difficulties that come with an authoritative figure in a foreign country as, â€Å"[Orwell] was hated by a large number of people- the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me.† (144) Due to this hatred, Orwell finds his job to impose order futile because the Burmese people seem to have a tighter grasp on Orwell than Orwell himself. The Burmans appear to be enforcing their power over Orwell through their majority and he experiences this when, â€Å"A nimble Burman tripped me up on the football field and the referee (another Burman) looked the other way.† (144) These acts that the Burmans commit show that power appears to exist in the hands of the Burmese majority rather than Orwell. By placing a colonist within a colony, the writer establishes the feeling that power should lie in the hand of the colonist. However, this concept is shattered because Orwell possesses no power though the colonial setting because of the fact that the Burmese appear to be in contr ol. The lack of power present in the surroundings further enforces the fact that true power cannot come from one’s conquest or authority but only from within. The perspective and ideas given by Orwell show his true character and lessens the overall power set up for him. Although Orwell is aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shooting An Elephant By George Orwell988 Words   |  4 PagesEric Arthur Blair, or commonly known as George Orwell, is the author of many compositions. Blair, the author of two of the most famous novels of the 1920s; Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, was born in Eastern Indian. He joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma but resigned in 1927 to become a writer (BBC). Orwell’s style of writing can be described as bold and vivid. He puts the truth in his writing. Orwell’s novel, â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† was published in 1936. In the novel, a colonial policemanRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1154 Words   |  5 Pageswe to defy the orders of our higher power? Are we allowed to stand up for what’s right and break the laws for our own beliefs or follow the rule of authority? Are we sheep’s who only do what we are told. Is that the same in Orwell’s case? John F Kennedy once said, â€Å"A man does what he must - in spite of personal consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers and pressures - and that is the basis of all human morality.† Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell he touches base on morality which makesRead MoreIn the autumn of 1836, George Orwell, a British author, novelist, essayist, and critic wrote an1000 Words   |  4 Pages1836, George Orwell, a British author, novelist, essayist, and critic wrote an essay called Shooting an Elephant. In the essay, he describes his experiences as a white British imperial police officer in Burma. The story takes place in British-ruled Burma. This essay portrays Orwell’s discomfort about Imperialism. In shooting an Elephant, Orwell uses different literary techniques to portray the Imperialism collapsing. In this essay Orwell describes his experience of being pressured into shooting an ancientRead MoreGeorge Orwell s The Elephant1608 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversial topic, did George Orwell want to assassinate the elephant? George Orwell was a sub divisional police officer in Burma that acted under pressure. Despite several claims, George Orwell opposed imp erialism and its rules, yet his actions have muddled several and has caused them to think otherwise. In the beginning of the story, Orwell is essentially harassed and laughed at by the Burmese because he is associated with the British. One day, he is made aware that an elephant has gone loose and hasRead More The Use of Metaphors in Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of Metaphors in Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell In the essay ?Shooting an Elephant? by George Orwell, the author uses metaphors to represent his feelings on imperialism, the internal conflict between his personal morals, and his duty to his country. Orwell demonstrates his perspectives and feelings about imperialism.and its effects on his duty to the white man?s reputation. He seemingly blends his opinions and subjects into one, making the style of this essay generally very simpleRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1010 Words   |  5 Pagesforced to make can have long-lasting effects on them.†¯In Shooting an Elephant, by George Orwell, the author goes back to a situation in his life when he was a young adult where he had to make a choice between evil deeds. Many years later, the decision still haunted him. It takes place back when Orwell was a British police officer in Burma. He reevaluates his situation in life when he encounters a moral dilemma; to kill or save an elephant. Orwell is a confused and unhappy young policeman who lives inRead More Colonialism and Imperialism Exposed in Shooting an Elephant and Heart of Darkness1360 Words   |  6 PagesColonization Exposed in Shooting an Elephant and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   As a man is captured, his first instinct is to try and break free from his shackles and chains. Primal urges such as this often accompany humans when they are forced, as in capture, to rely on their most basic instincts to survive. In this manner, natives in Africa acted upon instinct when the Europeans arrived to take their land and freedom. The short story Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell and the novel HeartRead MoreShooting an Elephant bye George Orwell1019 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans a loss of dignity. George Orwell’s short story, â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, is an ideal example. In the story, Orwell, the main character, works as a policeman in Burma in the 1930s for the British Empire. One day, an elephant tramples loose, and although Orwell has no intent on shooting the elephant, a mob of native Burmese pressures Orwell to shoot the elephant. He reluctantly acquiesces to prevent being humiliated. After that experience, Orwell writes â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† to demonstrate nativeRead MoreLiterary Analysis of â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† by George Orwell1152 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† George Orwell achieves two achievements : he shows us his personal experience and his expression while he was in Burma; he use the metaphor of the elephant to explain to describe what Burma looked like when it was under the British Imperialism. The special about this essay is that Orwell tells us a story not only to see the experience that he had in Burma; he also perfectly uses the metaphor of the elephant to give us deep information about the Imperialism. By going throughRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 951 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Dictionary, â€Å"Power: As a quality or property. Ability to act or affect something strongly; physical or mental strength; might; vigor, energy; effectiveness.† The fundamental basis of all power is control or effectiveness, whether it is submissive, illusive, or oppressive. Is true power the ability to forcefully bend one’s will or is it the ability to sway others gently into submission? He with the iron first, does not necessarily rule. In George Orwellâ₠¬â„¢s â€Å"Shooting An Elephant,† the narrator clearly

The History of Opium in China - 1380 Words

Tracing back in Chinese history, opium and china were considered to be strongly connected. It was commonly used for enjoyment and to relieve the â€Å"boredom† of life. The smokers would gather around in a room spending pleasant time passing the pipe around with their fellow friends and family. Such praise for this substance made it easy to say that opium was part of the Chinese life and culture for a very long time. Opium has had an extensive past in the Chinese community. This element was first presented to China by Arab brokers as a medicine in the eighth century. Nevertheless, because opium was quite unusual and thus making it very expensive, it affected mainly adolescent men of rich families, among whom it meant as a status symbol. In the early19th century, opium was mostly dominant among the social leaders. However, over the years opium has made its way from the high class to the lowest class of the Chinese society. Smokers celebrated the occasion as it provided friendly time with other fellow smokers. Most of the time, it was healthier to gather around with friends rather than smoking on ones own because such symptoms like depression may occur in the user. Smokers often declared that the use of opium was a perfect way to make new friends. The intake of opium was considered as an art, a formal needing material of human qualities. For example, beginners received the individual attention of constant smokers for the arrangement of an opium pipe that requiredShow MoreRelatedWhy Did The British And Chinese Views Of The Opium Trade Differ So Strongly From One Another?871 Words   |  4 Pagesviews of the opium trade differ so strongly from one another? China and British perspectives on the opium trade were contradistinctive and ultimately became the foundations of the Opium Wars in 1839-42 and 1856-60. The clash of opinions were not based around the narcotic opium itself but stemmed from a misunderstanding of cultures, conflicting economic behaviours and different ethical ideologies. The two countries were fixed in times of two unrelated eras. For thousands of years China followed aRead MoreOpium and Trade Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe thought of opium as a topic of conversation in China throughout the late eighteenth century and nineteenth century brought about discussions that varied from arguments for its legalization and praise of its distributors to the complete ban of the drug and punishment for all users and smugglers. For those who acted as proponents of the narcotic, they sincerely believed that this necessary evil was one of the only aspects of the economy that could effectively propel China into the same class asRead MoreImperialism Spread Of China And The Opium War1498 Words   |  6 PagesWhen imperialism spread to China: Events leading to the Opium War Have you ever wondered what it would be like if an event in history ceased to happen or the effect of a slight change in the past and if it would drastically change the future? Like the butterfly affect? I recently came across some historical text about China. During the time of imperialism, a major shift had happened in China that caused an entire dynasty to fall. The collapse caused a half century long recovery period and a changeRead MoreHistory Is Not A Series Of Events1134 Words   |  5 PagesHistory is not a series of events. It is not a collection of facts and dates, but rather the description of mankind and its relation to itself. It as a meta-psychology for all of humanity. In that viewpoint, questions of humanity’s past self, today’s self, the future’s self, and their relationship arise. Such as this one: How is the opium trade of the 1800s similar to modern day American-Chinese trade? So far, the answer is that the two trades created demonstrable co nditions for the Chinese and wereRead More2nd Millennium and Century Opium1197 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Opium Opium is a narcotic drug prepared from the juice of the opium poppy, Pa paver somniferum, a plant probably indigenous in the south of Europe and western Asia, but now so widely cultivated that its original habitat is uncertain. The medicinal properties of the juice have been recognized from a very early period. It was known to Theophrastus and appears in his time to have consisted of an extract of the whole plant, since Dioscorides, about A.D. 77, drawsRead MoreHistory Of Hong Kong And The Opium Trade884 Words   |  4 PagesThe history of Hong Kong and the opium trade are â€Å"intertwined†, as Christopher Munn states (107). From its beginning in the nineteenth century, the opium trade in Hong Kong, as counterparts throughout the colonies of Southeast Asia, was managed by a monopoly or farm system. The opium monopoly not only contributed a large portion of revenue to the colonial government, but also helped foster a Chinese business elite class with wealth and political influence in the Chinese community and the colony,Read MoreOpium War769 Words   |  4 PagesOpium War There were two Opium Wars. The first one was from 1839-1842. This war was fought between China and Britain. This war was fought over the two not seeing eye to eye on a lot of things. The second Opium War was from 1856-1860. In this war the British forces fought toward the legalization of the Opium trade. The reason they did this was to be able to expand coolie trace, to be able to open all of China to British merchants, and also to be able to expand foreign imports from internat transitRead MoreTrade Imbalance Between China And China1674 Words   |  7 Pagesporcelain were much desired by European and had a huge demand in the Western market. In England, tea was the most desired Chinese good and trade in tea was very lucrative. However, this created a trade imbalance because Western goods had no market in China. China was a self-sustaining country and that make it harder for Western merchant to trade with them. Apart from that, the merchants had a hard time getting into Chinese marke t and had to deal through Chinese middlemen in Canton. At this point, the BritishRead MoreEssay about The Opium War and Great Britains Influences In China982 Words   |  4 PagesWhile westerners in China pushed to claim rights and generally oppose Chinese reformers who worked to better China, the Chinese government and society continued to face internal problems. While westerners in China pushed to claim rights and generally oppose Chinese reformers who worked to better China, Chinese government and society faced internal problems. Being a main target for imperialism, China faced much western influence. One of the events that marked the beginning of intenseRead MoreThe First Opium War And Its Effects On China1407 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Chinese history, political and economic events have almost always led to drastic changes in China itself. Many of these events have been internal struggles with China. Some events have been external, such as the First Opium War. The First Opium war, which lasted from 1839 to 1842, led to several economic and political changes in China. The Opium War is considered more that just a war, the results created a deep impact on China and the Western World. For hundreds of years, China had isolated

Sunshine Chapter 7 Free Essays

string(46) " the mornings for coffee and a cinnamon roll\." â€Å"You tell time real well,† I said. â€Å"Is that an important skill in SOF? Mary will fit on the stool. You won’t. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunshine Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † I kept a stool wedged in the one semifree corner that wasn’t next to the ovens, for staff on break, or anyone else I felt like letting into my territory. No SOF was on that list tonight, and I wasn’t in a good mood. Jesse went and sat on the stool. He did fit. SOF made you keep in shape to keep your job. No lard butts there. The SOFs weren’t that much easier to keep topped up than teenage boys. All that fitness makes you eat. Pat in particular could put it away. When he sat on that stool I had to keep a sharp eye on him. He could make whole loaves of bread disappear in moments. I opened the oven doors and dragon breath roared into the room. I shoved in muffin tins. I closed the doors and set the timer. I dumped the bowls in the sink and turned on the water. The coffeehouse doesn’t have the most efficient layout in the world, and the dishwasher is in the main kitchen. When I had time, I washed up my own stuff. I made as much noise as possible. â€Å"Rae,† said Jesse at last. â€Å"Yeah,† I said. â€Å"We’re on the same side.† I didn’t say anything. Are we? Am I sure I’m on the right side any more? It was a very pretty conundrum. People don’t escape from vampires. Since I’m alive†¦It wasn’t really consorting with the enemy. It was just something that happened. Yeah, and it just happened that I could keep the sun off a vampire. It wasn’t him I needed to forget. It was me. It was what I had done. Why would a vampire stick around to feed a human milk and muffins – and make sure she didn’t choke on them? Honor among thieves? I’d said that. To him. Why the hell had I wanted to save him? He’d almost had me for dinner. He’d thought about it. Why had my tree said yessssss? What the hell was I? Maybe the fact that the vampire slash on my breast hurt all the time and wouldn’t heal was a good sign. Maybe it meant I was still human. Eventually Jesse got down from the stool and went away. The nightmares that night were particularly bad, and apparently I’d been clawing myself in my sleep, because when the alarm went off at three-forty-five and I groaned and rolled over and turned the light on, not only had the scab split open again but my pillow had big ugly streaks and blotches of blood all over it. The alarm was still going off a quarter hour earlier than it used to because it took me a quarter hour longer to get moving in the morning than it used to. I was still tired all the time. Okay, it was just the nightmares stopping me sleeping properly. Plus worrying about stuff like my face in the globenet archive and what all my friends thought. I wasn’t losing enough blood from the vampire slash to make me tired that way. And it didn’t hurt all that much. It was just a nagging nuisance. I drove to the coffeehouse and made cinnamon rolls and rye bread – it was rye bread day – and then I made banana honey nut bread and fig bars and Hell’s Angelfood and Killer Zebras and a lot of muffins, and by late morning I was done. I had the rest of the day off till six. There was one thing that helped the tiredness a little, and stopped my breast prickling and itching as well. Sunlight. It was a glorious, blue, sunny day and I went home and lay in it. For nearly seven hours. I should have burned to a crisp, but I never sunburn. It goes in somewhere. I’ve always been like this. But since those two nights on the lake I’d been spending more time than usual when the sun was out, lying in it. And I seemed to be doing more and more of it. I’d missed an old-books fair with Aimil and Zora, and the last time Mel’d suggested we go hiking I’d opted to lie in the sun in his back yard while he took another motorcycle apart. This was fine with him but it wasn’t at all like me. I wasn’t even reading as much as usual; it was as if I had to concentrate on soaking in as much sunshine as I could, and didn’t dare distract myself from that crucial activity. Okay, I had a lot of catching up to do. The part of me that was my grandmother’s granddaughter had been having a free ride the last fifteen years, and out of nowhere I’d tapped her flat. Whether for good cause or bad. Recharging was in order. But it wasn’t just that. It was like I was under attack. And it didn’t feel like it was only from my own negative thinking. There were more people than usual at the coffeehouse that evening too, but not as many as the night before, and there were no TV vans and nothing to make me jumpy, except maybe that six of our little SOF gang were there. Six? Didn’t these people have lives’? No, they didn’t have lives. SOFs weren’t expected to have lives. You were a SOF, you stayed very fit and you didn’t have a life. A bit like running a family coffeehouse really. Maybe that was why they felt we should be kindred spirits. And our SOFs had dinner at the coffeehouse more nights than they didn’t, and a lot of the staff from our county SOF headquarters, which was only about a half a mile away north of Old Town, came by some time in the mornings for coffee and a cinnamon roll. You read "Sunshine Chapter 7" in category "Essay examples" Relax, Sunshine. I tried to relax. They released the name of the poor bod that had got sucked: nobody any of us knew. He lived in our city, but not around here. Nothing else happened. No more dry guys, at least none left for us to find. By three days later when things appeared to be back to normal I managed to say, â€Å"Hey, how’s it going,† in an ordinary voice when I found Jesse and Theo sitting at the table next to the door when I walked in for the evening dessert shift. Paulie had been in the bakery all afternoon, and he was eager to leave. I was still letting him have most any evening he wanted off, letting him put his hours in during the days; I was chiefly interested in that second morning a week I didn’t have to get up at three-forty-five. I was used to not having a life, and I wanted to hold on to Paulie. He was the first apprentice I’d hired who both had a brain and liked playing with food. Also he was the first guy who didn’t seem to think his manhood wa s under threat by having to learn stuff and take orders from someone of my age and gender. He still had to live through his first August in the bakery with the ovens on, but I was hopeful. We emptied out a little earlier than sometimes, especially surprising on a three-day-weekend Sunday. We’d be open tomorrow while most of the rest of the working world was celebrating the birth of Jasmin Aziz, the famous code-breaker of the Voodoo Wars and why we still have Michigan, Chippewa, and most of Ontario instead of the biggest smoking hole on the planet. But she had been nicknamed Mother Durga, â€Å"She Who Is Difficult to Approach,† long before she was a hero, and the name stuck. Ha. Even if Charlie’s didn’t stay open automatically for three-day weekend Mondays, we’d’ve had to stay open for that one. I’d pulled the last trays out of the ovens a while back, racked or frozen what wasn’t going to get eaten that night, started roll and bread dough for tomorrow morning, and had come out front to sit at the counter and gossip for the last few minutes with Liz and Kyoko, who were on late that night, and Emmy, who had recently been promoted to assistant cook and wasn’t sure she could take the pace. (I was slightly insulted by this, since I’d been using her in the bakery between apprentices, and felt that I must be at least as merciless and temperamental a taskmaster as anything the main kitchen crew could do.) Theo showed occasional signs of wanting to get fond of Kyoko, but she knew about SOFs, and she wasn’t having any. Charlie was there, prowling; he didn’t know how to sit down. Mel was closing down in the kitchen, which included preventing Kenny from sloping off early. A quiet night gave you time to catch up. It was warm, and the front doors were open. There were still a few people sitting at one of the outside tables; another couple had drifted off with their cups of coffee to sit on the flower bed wall and smooch. One of the last closing-up rituals was to have a sweep through the square for coffee cups, champagne glasses, and dessert plates. If you paid your bill beforehand, we didn’t stop you taking your sweetheart and your sweet thing on a plate to a quieter spot. (Your bad luck if you chose a spot already occupied by a wino or a hype head, but hey.) This was probably illegal too, by civil regulation 6703.4, subheading Behavior of Clientele at Eating Establishments and Potential Broadcasting of Crumbs to Deleterious Effect, viz., the Vermin Population, but no one had stopped us yet. It was so quiet. Peaceful. Even the SOFs looked pretty relaxed, for SOFs. And I heard a familiar goblin giggle. Did I hear it? I don’t know. I’ll never know. But I knew it, one way or another, however it got to me. And I had picked up a table knife and bolted out the door long before any poor following-on function like rational thought had a chance to kick into gear. No human has ever destroyed a vampire by thundering down on it brandishing a table knife. In the first place, vampires are fantastically faster than humans. You can’t race up to a vampire to do anything, because it’s done it several times already, waiting for you. And you can bet it’s not going to stand there waiting to be staked. In the second place, a table knife is a real bad choice. You can do it with wrought iron, although no one in their right mind is going to haul a wrought iron stake around with them when wood works better and weighs a lot less. But stainless steel, forget it: it slithers off, like a swizzle stick on an ice cube. You have as much chance of punching a hole in a vampire with stainless steel as you have racing up to it and getting it to hold still while you try. Wood will break through that little layer of whatever-it-is, the electricity of the undead, and let your stake penetrate. You still have to ram it in hard, and you have to know where it’s going, and it has to reach and enter the heart, or you’ve just died as the vampire rips your head off. A sucker repelling a staking doesn’t bother to be cool about it. (Note that while a vampire may have to ask permission to suck your blood, it can kill you any time it likes. It just won’t get a square meal out of the experience.) Macho SOFs will go straight in through the breastbone, but the more sophisticated approach – as well as the more likely to be successful – is up underneath it. The notch at the bottom of the breastbone is a useful road marker – so I’m told. It’s still not at all easy to do. There are lots of dead people who have tried. There have been a lot of studies done about the best wood for stakes too. Turns out itâ€℠¢s apple wood – and not any old apple, but a tree that is home to mistletoe. Retired or invalided-out SOFs (this latter category a small number: SOFs tend to live or die with nothing in between) often end up tending SOF orchards, and making sure the mistletoe is happy. Mistletoe is cranky stuff, and nobody knows why it sometimes grows and sometimes doesn’t. Makes you wonder what the druids knew – or Johnny Appleseed. Of course the druids are a fairy tale and Johnny Appleseed never existed. They say. But then, they also say that no human has ever destroyed a vampire by charging at one flashing a table knife. Maybe no human ever had. I did have one advantage. He wasn’t expecting me. I had time to see the look on his face. I probably didn’t figure out what I’d seen till later, but this was what it was: he was looking for me – for me – but he wasn’t expecting to find me. He was working under his master’s orders, all right, but privately he thought his master had a wild hair up his ass, and he wasn’t going to find me, because I was dead. He didn’t know how I was dead, or where I had disappeared to, but I had to be dead. Therefore I was. I understood this point of view completely. Maybe it was just the surprise of seeing someone thinking they could do anything with a table knife. He paused. The girl he’d been pulling under stood swaying and stupid while he turned to me. We stared into each other’s eyes for the last time fragment, my last few running steps, before I thudded into him†¦ †¦and slammed the table knife up under his breastbone, and into his heart. I remember the hot evil smell of his last breath on my face†¦ I’d never heard or read anywhere that vampires explode when staked. Maybe it’s only when you use a table knife. Vampires aren’t made of flesh and blood quite the way we are†¦but near kali goddam enough. It was†¦horrible. The contact, when I drove against him, not just arm’s length with the knife – The sense of the knife going in – maybe I didn’t think I was going to be able to do it either; maybe that was the plan – The texture of the knife sliding into – The way it seemed to know where to go, with my hand on it – The smell – The surprise on his face, just before my knife reached his heart and it stopped – being a face – The sound – The pressure of the – blast – which made me stagger, which smeared and stained me with – From the taste in my mouth a few minutes later, I assume I threw up. Maybe I passed out as well, although I was still on my feet when I began to hear someone shouting, â€Å"Rae! Rae! It’s over! You’re okay!† and also began to realize there were arms around me and they were trying to stop me thrashing around. There was a lot of other noise; someone screaming; other people shouting; and, coming closer, a siren. The siren should have been reassuring: the sound of approaching authority. Authority would take over and I could relax. Relax, Sunshine. It wasn’t reassuring. But it did have the effect of sobering me up. I stopped flailing. The arms loosened – not very much – and let me stand on my own feet. It was Jesse, holding on to me. There was already a crowd. I suppose the screaming brought them. We’re the kind of neighborhood that responds to screams. Jesse and I were in a little alleyway – one alley over from where the corpse husk, the dry guy, had been found a week ago – and from somewhere someone had found a couple of halogen floodlights. This meant you could see†¦ I started retching, and Jesse turned me round and started hauling me toward – what turned out to be a car, driven by Theo. It’s a good trick, getting anything with four wheels, including a kid’s little red wagon, this far into Old Town. Maybe that’s part of SOF training too. The crowd was still gathering. Maybe they didn’t understand what they were seeing – the dark, dribbling blotches on the ground, stickily trailing down the enclosing walls – the charnel house smell might have been a dead rat or a backed-up drain; Old Town can be like that – but the scene the floodlights illuminated†¦I managed to look away before I heaved again, not, I think, that there was anything left to come up. Jesse bundled me into the back seat and was now†¦wiping me down with a towel. I had†¦horrible stuff all over me. Did SOF vehicles automatically carry large absorbent towels for†¦cleanup? This one had hung outdoors on a line. I tried to think about the smell of the towel – laundry soap, fresh air, sunlight. I was crying. Less messy than throwing up anyway. Easier to clean up after. I cried harder. I’d cried more in the last two months than I had done in my entire previous life. I croaked something. I didn’t understand what I said either, and Jesse said, â€Å"Don’t talk now. We’re going to get you some clean clothes and a cup of cof – tea.† He knew me well enough to know I didn’t drink coffee. That should have been reassuring too, that I was with friends – but I wasn’t with friends. I was with SOF. Who had seen me explode a sucker with a table knife. I wondered if they were getting me away so fast, before anyone from the coffeehouse had a chance to intervene. Mel. Charlie. Where were they taking me anyway? And why? I could make a guess and it didn’t make me feel any better. Jesse’s dark face was invisible in the darkness of the back seat. I was almost desperate enough to ask to turn the dome light on, just so I could see his face. That he had a face. A human face. I croaked again. â€Å"Will she be all right?† â€Å"Who?† said Jesse. â€Å"The girl. The†¦girl who was screaming. The girl who was†¦under the dark.† Jesse said, â€Å"She’ll be okay.† I was silent a minute. We were out of Old Town. I couldn’t figure what we were doing at first; I was used to the front door of the SOF county building – not that I made a habit of going there – of course there would be a back way. Where they parked their cars. Also perhaps where they brought people in they didn’t want to be seen. How soon before the TV van showed up in the alleyway and started panning over those blotchy walls, those gruesomely amorphous lumps on the pavement? â€Å"You don’t know, do you? You don’t know if she’ll be all right.† Jesse sighed and sat back, leaving the towel in my lap. It didn’t smell like sunlight any more: it smelled like disintegrated vampire. The car smelled like disintegrated vampire. Jesse, because he’d been holding on to me, had disintegrated vampire all over him too. In the flickering light as we went from one streetlight’s aura to the next he looked rather too much like a pied demon. Pied demons are not among the nice ones. â€Å"No. I don’t know. We don’t snatch people out from under the dark at the last minute like that very often. But I’m pretty sure she’ll be all right. I can tell you why, but you could tell us something too. Something for something.† I grunted. I had been rolling my window down for some fresh air, and had discovered that it would only roll down halfway, and that the doorlock button was engaged, but not by me. No escapees from the back seat of a SOF car. He almost laughed. â€Å"It’s not what you think. Hell, Sunshine, what do we have to do to – â€Å" The car stopped. We were in a parking lot tucked in among a lot of big civic-looking buildings. It was nothing like empty, as you might expect it should be at this time of night, although all the cars were parked at one end of the lot, near one particular building. I didn’t recognize SOF HQ from the back, but I could guess that was what it was. Most municipal departments don’t run a big night shift, and the ordinary cop station was across town. The doorlocks popped open. We got out of the car, first Theo and then Jesse again holding my arm, as if I either needed support or might run away. They took me up some stairs and down a long ugly windowless hallway with doors opening off on either side. Eventually Jesse tapped on a cracked-open door with a light behind it. â€Å"Annie,† said Jesse, â€Å"can you give us a hand?† Annie wasn’t reassuring either, but she was nice about trying to pretend that she didn’t think there was something extremely fishy about why I was there and in what condition and at this time of night. After all, she was right: there was something extremely fishy about it. She took me to the women’s shower room and gave me fresh towels, soap, and this shapeless khaki jersey fuzzy-on-the-inside one-piece thing to put on that was like little kids’ pajamas only without the feet. I walked into the shower with all my clothes on. It was harder getting them off wet, but I didn’t want to wait even long enough to get undressed before I made contact with hot water. Then I knelt on the shower floor and scrubbed them – and my sneakers – and left them in a heap I had to keep stepping over while I washed myself. But I wanted all the blood and†¦muck†¦drummed out of them. I wasn’t as long about it as I had been the morning after coming back from the lake, but I scrubbed myself till I hurt all over and came out feeling boiled because I’d had the hot water turned up as high as it would go. I was sweating as I tried to dry off: partly because of the hot water. The cut on my breast had opened again, of course. I put some toilet paper on it, like I’d cut myself shaving, hoping it would scab over enough not to leave bloodstains that might need explaining on the pajamas. I belatedly rescued the contents of my pockets when I hung my sodden clothes over the midsummer-cold radiator. My knife didn’t mind a wetting so long as I dried it off again right away but my leather key ring would probably never forgive me, and the charm loop on it was definitely a goner. It was one of Mom’s charms and it was one of the sort that keep going bzzzt at you so you know they’re paying attention and I hadn’t meant to drown it but I wouldn’t be sorry to have it stop pestering me. I paused a moment when I was dry and dressed to gather together what faculties I had left. I was so tired. Annie was lurking outside to take me to wherever. She offered me some shuffly fuzzy-on-the-inside slippers too, also khaki, but enough is enough with the regression to childhood, and I stayed barefoot. Besides, I hate khaki. I figured it was Jesse’s office, since he was the one sitting behind the desk, while Theo was tipped back in a straight chair to one side, his feet against the edge, the toes of his shoes curling up the messy pile of papers on that corner and leaving black marks on the bottoms of the pages. Tsk tsk. Jesse’s jacket had disappeared and he was wearing a clean shirt that didn’t fit. There was a coffee machine in the corner going glub glub. Nobody said anything right away. If this was supposed to make me start talking to fill up the silence it didn’t work. There wasn’t anything I could say that wouldn’t get me into more trouble than I was in now. Okay, here’s another thing: magic handlers have to be certified and licensed. I had lied about what had happened by the lake for a lot of reasons, and needing to register myself as a magic handler was the least of them and barely worth mentioning from my point of view, but by not doing it I’d still committed the sort of crime that even the ordinary police don’t like and SOF really hates. Tonight I’d totally, inexorably, undeniably, blown it. Even a magic handler shouldn’t have been able to skeg a sucker with a table knife. I wasn’t going to be able to fudge that one either. The table knife in question was lying on the one clear space on Jesse’s desk. I assumed it was the same knife. It was the coffeehouse pattern and while it had been wiped roughly off, the smear of remaining bloodstains was convincing. I had no idea when I’d dropped it. But the fact that it was here meant that they knew what had happened. No escape. And then Pat came in carrying a pot of tea and a paper bag with the Prime Time logo. I wanted to laugh. They were sure trying. The Cinnamon Roll Queen wasn’t going to be bought off by a fast-food hamburger – supposing I ate hamburgers, which I didn’t, and after tonight, even if I had, I’d’ve given them up – but Prime Time was a twenty-four-hour gourmet deli. Downtown, of course. Far too upscale to open a branch in Old Town. Not that they’d survive on Charlie’s turf anyway. I stopped wanting to laugh when I noticed that Pat looked like a man who had been got out of bed for an emergency. It was even good tea. Jesse said, â€Å"Can you tell us what you’re afraid of? Why you won’t talk to us.† I said cautiously, â€Å"Well, I’m not licensed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There was a general sigh, and the tension level went down about forty degrees. Pat said, â€Å"Yeah, we thought that was probably it.† There was a little silence and then the three of them exchanged long meaningful looks. I had tentatively started to relax and this stopped me, like sitting down in an armchair and discovering there’s a bed of nails instead of a cushion under the flowered chintz. Uh-oh. Pat sighed again, this one a very long sigh, like a man about to step off a cliff. Then he shut his eyes, took a deep breath, and held it. And held it. And held it. After about a minute he began to turn, well, blue, but I don’t mean human-holding-his-breath blue, I mean blue. Still holding his breath, he opened his eyes and looked at me: his eyes were blue too, although several degrees darker than his skin, and I mean all of his eyes: the whites as well. Although speaking of all of his eyes, as I watched, a third eye slowly blinked itself open from between his eyebrows. He was still holding his breath. His ears were becoming pointed. He held up one hand and spread the fingers. There were six of them. The knuckles were all very knobbly, and the hand itself was very large. Pat was normally no more than medium-sized. Theo gently lowered the front legs of his chair to the floor, drifted over to the office door, and locked it. He returned to his chair, put his feet against the edge of the desk, and rocked back on two legs again. Pat started breathing. â€Å"If I let it go any farther I’ll start popping my buttons. Pardon me.† He unfastened his belt buckle and the button on his waistband. â€Å"You’re a demon,† I said. â€Å"Only a quarter,† said Pat, â€Å"but it runs pretty strong in me.† His voice sounded funny, deeper and more hoarse. â€Å"My full brother couldn’t turn if he held his breath till he had a heart attack. Nice for him. Sorry about the locked door, but it takes a good half hour for the effects to wear off again.† It’s only really illegal to be a vampire, but people who too regularly call in sick the day after the moon is full somehow never get promoted beyond entry-level positions, and a demon that can’t pass is an automatic outcast. And miscegenation is definitely a crime. Since the laws about this are impractical to enforce, what happens is that if you have a baby you know can’t pass, you arrange to look as careworn and despondent as possible (which will be easy in the circumstances) and go wail at the Registry Office that no one had told you that great-granddad – or great-grandmother – had been or done or had, whatever, great-grand-something being safely dead, of course, and unavailable for prosecution. So the kid gets registered, and grows up to find out it can’t get a job in any industry considered â€Å"sensitive,† and if any of its immediate family had been on the fast track, they’re probably now off it. For life. Even if nobody e lse shows any signs of being anything but pure human. It’s probably worse, the partbloods that are fine till they hit adolescence, and suddenly find out that the Other blood, which they may not have known about, is alive and kicking and going to ruin their lives. Every now and then it happens to a grown-up. There was a famous case a few years ago about a thirty-eight-year-old bank manager who suddenly grew horns. They fired him. He’d had an exemplary career till that moment. He appealed. The case got a huge amount of publicity. They still fired him. As â€Å"sensitive† industries go, SOF was at the top. No way any demon partblood was going to get hired by the SOFs. Even someone like Mary might be turned down if she applied for basic SOF training, if anyone was so poor-spirited as to report to her recruitment team that the coffee she poured was always hot. Mary wasn’t registered. If the government insisted on registering everyone who could sew a seam that never unraveled or pour coffee that stayed hot or patch a bicycle tire that didn’t pop somewhere else a hundred feet down the road, they’d have to register sixty percent or something of the population, and fond as the government was of paper trails and tax levies, apparently this boggled even their tiny minds. But SOF cared down to this level. The deep widow’s peaks you sometimes get with a little peri blood and which are so fashionable that models and actors are forever having cosmetic surgery to implant them, if one of these people had a sudden desire for a midlife career change to SOF they’d have to go in with their surgeon’s certificate taped to the ir forehead, or they’d be turned away at the door. SOF didn’t fool around. Pat blinked his blue eyes at me and smiled. He had a nice smile as a demon. His teeth were blue too. â€Å"SOF is rotten with partbloods,† said Jesse. â€Å"I’m one. Theo’s another. So is John. So are Kate and Millicent and Mike. We somehow seem to find each other to partner with. Safer, of course. ‘Hey, doesn’t that blue guy look a lot like Pat? Where is Pat, anyway?’ ‘Look like Pat? You must be joking. He’s at home with a head cold anyway.’ But Pat’s the most spectacular of us, which is why we called him in tonight.† I had maybe about managed to keep my jaw from dropping round my ankles while Pat turned blue – it had taken several minutes, I could go with the flow – but this was absolutely one too many. This was on a par with, say, finding out the president of the global council was a sucker, the moon was made of green cheese, and the sun only rose in the morning because of this complicated system of levers and dials overseen by an encampment of the master race from Antares settled on Mars†¦Ã¢â‚¬ What the hell d’you mean SOF is rotten with partbloods? What about the goddam blood test when they take you?† All three of them smiled. Slowly. For a moment I was the only human in the room, and they were all bigger and tougher than I was. I went very still. Not, I’m sorry to say, the stillness of serenity and compassion. Much more like a rabbit in headlights. The moment passed. â€Å"It must have been a bastard in the beginning,† said Jesse. â€Å"When the only drug that worked made you piss green for a week,† said Pat. â€Å"Or indigo or violet,† said Theo. â€Å"Yeah,† said Pat. â€Å"Depending on what kind of partblood you were.† â€Å"But the lab is pretty well infiltrated by now,† said Jesse. â€Å"Once you get that far you’re usually home already.† There was another pause. Maybe I was supposed to ask what â€Å"you’re home already† meant, but I didn’t want to know any more. I hadn’t been so mind-blasted since I woke up next to a bonfire surrounded by vampires. As the silence lengthened I realized that the tension level was rising again, and there were more meaningful looks flashing back and forth. I tried to rouse myself. But I was so tired. At last Pat spoke. â€Å"Okay,† he said. â€Å"Where we were. Um. We’ve been thinking for a while that something like†¦turning blue must have happened to you out at the lake. Or – wherever. But we haven’t had a good excuse to, well, ask you about it closely. Somewhere we could lock the door when I held my breath.† â€Å"Till tonight we haven’t been totally sure that’s what we were looking at anyway,† said Jesse. â€Å"Arguably we still aren’t.† They looked at me hopefully. How to cite Sunshine Chapter 7, Essay examples

Definition of Freudian in English by Oxford Dictionaries free essay sample

Psychoanalytical theory can trace its roots back to Sigmund Freud. The Oxford definition states that it is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. The Oxford dictionary for psychoanalysis is A therapeutic method, originated by Sigmund Freud, for treating mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the patients mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind, using techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.Now that I personally have a better understanding of the basis of psychoanalytical thinking I began to apply it to the first chapter of The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien. The character for me, that made it easy to apply this type of theory was First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross and his obsession with Martha.Throughout most of the first chapter, his obsession with her is very daunting and began to even impose on his job. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Freudian in English by Oxford Dictionaries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While on a mission one of his men is checking out one of the complex tunnel systems in Vietnam and while thinking of Martha one of his men is killed. (O’brien, T. 1990) tell us, â€Å"He pictured Marthas smooth young face, thinking he loved her more than anything, more than his men, and now Ted Lavender was dead because he loved her so much and could not stop thinking about her. †Freud theorizes that there are four essential conditions that must be met for love, and one of them being coined the term, overvaluing (of the women). This is a compulsion that they are the only ones it is possible to love. Passionate attachments of this type of relationship occur repeatedly with one woman replaced by another. The man is consumed by the woman, and she will absorb the whole of their mental energies, to the exclusion of all other interests.First Lieutenant Cross definitely would fall under this condition and it did cost him the life of a soldier. Is the death of Ted Lavender really because of Martha? No, but Jimmy came to that conclusion and took some drastic actions because of it.â€Å"On the morning after Ted Lavender died, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross crouched at the bottom of his foxhole and burned Marthas letters. Then he burned the two photographs. There was a steady rain falling, which made it difficult, but he used heat tabs and Sterno to build a small fire, screening it with his body, holding the photographs over the tight blue flame with the tips of his fingers.† (O’brien, T. 1990).At the end of the first chapter, Jimmy realized that his obsession with Martha was getting in the way of his line of duties and did his best to erase her from his life. He wanted to have his complete focus on running his group of men.

Thomas Jefferson Essays (1197 words) - Thomas Jefferson,

Thomas Jefferson THOMAS JEFFERSON 1801-1809 Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia. Jefferson was known as the author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States. Jefferson was also a diplomat, an architect, a musician, a scientist and an inventor; Jefferson was an advocate for the public school system. Education was very important to him. Jefferson founded the University of Virginia at Charlottesville. He designed it, planned it, and hired the professors; he also came up with the first study courses. Jefferson lived 83 years and was very young spirited. He was always learning something new and was never afraid to try and try again. Thomas Jefferson did many things very well, and there was only one person that came close to matching him, that person was Benjamin Franklin. They were both very fascinating people. Jefferson's father was Colonel Peter Jefferson, he was a well-known explorer and owned large amounts of land, therefore Thomas had the best of everything. His mother was from a well-known family in Virginia, her name was Jane Randolph, and she was wealthy also. Thomas Jefferson was educated privately in his early days and went on to study Latin, Greek, Italian and Spanish. His favorite subjects were math and science. Thomas studied law for five years under a well-known law teacher by the name of George Wythe. At the age of 24 he was admitted to the bar in the year 1767. He practiced law until the American Revolution closed all the courts. He earned most of his income by all the farms he owned. He married Martha Wayles Skelton in the year 1772 that increased his land ownership immensely. They had six children, one son and five daughters. Only two children lived to adults, Martha and Mary Thomas Jefferson designed and built a house on a mountain, which he called his Monticello home. Jefferson loved his home and was very proud of it. He left his home when his wife died, her death left him very sad and lonely. In the year 1783 Thomas Jefferson was accepted to the Continental Congress. This started his political career. Thomas Jefferson was very active in writing laws and resolutions; he was a very straightforward man. Some people viewed him as being to extreme. Jefferson was chosen to represent Albemarle County at the first Virginia Convention. He became ill and was not able to attend, but he sent his messages that British Parliament had no control over the colonies. Jefferson was the primary person to write the Declaration of Independence. Congress felt it was too harsh, and had Dickenson take the responsibility of rewriting it. He used allot of Jefferson's original ideas. Jefferson was a Republican and in 1779 became governor of Virginia. In 1786 Jefferson wrote a bill establishing religious freedom. Two parties started to emerge. The Democrats and the Republicans. Jefferson assumed the leadership of the Republicans. Jefferson opposed a strong centralized Government and wanted the states to have their rights. We hold these truths to be self evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. These words are arguably the backbone of our countries right to freedom. Jefferson is considered one of the greatest pioneers of America. One of the issues that troubled Jefferson throughout his lifetime was slavery and his ownership of more than two hundred slaves The question that puzzles most Americans is how could the man that wrote ?ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL? Could own slaves? The question has been asked over and over throughout the history of our Great Nation. This is the thing that contemporary Americans find most interesting about Thomas Jefferson. Although slavery was the normal thing in Jefferson's lifetime, this cannot be used a to justify his ownership of slaves. Jefferson was A very kind master to his slaves. Jefferson spoke out against the institution of slavery, slave trading, and for the right of black people to be free. People of today's society would think of Jefferson as being a hypocrite for owning slaves, and at the same time denouncing slavery. We must put ourselves in his time and

Change Strategies Critical Review and Application

Change Strategies Critical Review and Application Introduction Change is a peculiar and elusive concept that has taken a lot of struggle to contend with and make the society understand. In spite the fact that change is inevitable, it is a paradox to realize that it results majorly from the acts of the ordinary stakeholders. The society struggles to embrace change yet an aspect in our nature works so hard to block it. The modern society tries restructuring the systems that is the social, political, economic and business systems preparing them to come to terms with the need for change (Bates, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Change Strategies: Critical Review and Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is despite the difficulty experienced in making people understand. To understand what change is and how change ought to be handled several questions come to mind that is what causes change, the change processes and the strategies to curb change, the effe cts of change (Bates, 2000). Change is therefore the process where individuals and groups in an organization shift from the current state of operations to a predetermined future state (Beerel, 2009). Organizational changes can be planned or unplanned, incremental or transformational change and therefore the form of management in place must be able to identify the type they are dealing with. This assists the stakeholders be in control of the scope and perspective most so during turbulent time during change. Through change management, the relevant stakeholders are made to come to terms with change and accept it. Through proper change management procedures mission, strategic, technological, operational and behavior the stakeholders can view changes as a positive aspect (Beerel, 2009). For change to happen successfully some functions must be handled conclusively; change has to be initiated, and then championed through agents with support from the sponsors and organizational leaders (Bro wn KaÃÅ'„tz, 2009). The leaders of an organization must integrate everybody if change and change management is expected to happen smoothly. There should never be an assumption that there are clicks in an organization that are responsible for change and hence others should only wait, the responsibility should be collective (Brown KaÃÅ'„tz, 2009). Overview of change strategy Besides the characteristics of change, change strategies remain vital components when it comes to the determination of the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization in dynamic times of change. Change strategies are therefore factors that need to be given due considerations in the change management process (Bates, 2000). For a change strategy to be effective the following tips have to be given due consideration. This will help when dealing with the issues when dealing and developing the right strategies; the formulated strategies must be made available to all the stakeholders, resistance shoul d be given room and appropriate means should be given, this is because resistance doesn’t mean that a trespass has occurred but means that some change process has been initiated.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The overall impact of the strategies to be implemented must be projected, how it will influence the organization’s Visions, Missions and objectives and the culture (Bates, 2000). Therefore, an option needs to be chosen from either a change-change situation, change of the culture situation or prospects of failing criteria. Change also demand for trust from all the relevant stakeholder, trust is needed most when there is no enough time to give an explanation on change being undertaken. Without trust what appears to be change may not be change in the end. The organizational leader’s commitment is of fundamental when it comes to implementing a change strategy (Cameron Green, 2009), commitment must therefore be solicited from them first in its well-communicated form so that a failure is not faced at all costs. Pain is the major driver of change and without a sacrifice, which drives people out of the comfort zone then, then change would remain a dream. This is the main reason that the leadership is needed to have a strong stand even in a situation when not all the other stakeholders are going to accept. All the necessary organizational resources need to be used to satisfactorily ensure that the actual change required is met; this could go to an extent of making rewards to allow room for change. It is therefore clear that various strategies depict open characteristics of the differences that in the underlying assumptions in organizations and change. For clear communications of the individuals involved in the change process to be made, the meaning of strategy has to be mentioned in its bold conceptual framework (Cameron Green, 2009). In addition, the strategy to be employed depends largely on the certainty or level of predictability of the change platform, alongside this is the creation of room for the stakeholders to deliberate and agree on how to handle the looming change process. Planning and control functions of any organization are normally affected by uncertainty; therefore, the appropriate change strategy in such a case is the interactive strategy where several aspects of the organization are brought together and an observation made on how they relate when slight changes are made. Questionnaires are used to find out on how the stakeholders feel about change strategies implemented (Brown KaÃÅ'„tz, 2009). Detailed description of the change strategies There are therefore five major strategies for change identified; power strategy, it employs the top down approach Change Strategies. (2004). In such a case the employees are kept at bay of the change process hence, they have a little input on idea generation for change since very little of their inputs is required. The managers believe that change can be undertaken effectively even without considering the opinions of the involved stakeholder; this is a harmful assumption hence making such a strategy unpopular. The second strategy is the systematic strategy; here the methodology approach to change is followed, goals, procedures and methods to realize change are put in place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Change Strategies: Critical Review and Application specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Planning is then incorporated in the system; time limits are set since it would demand that certain objectives are met within some deadlines. Another strategy is the negotiation strategy, which involves the interactive approach; the employees’ ideas are given a great proportion in this process as opposed to the power strategies. Therefore, in the above approac h the change idea is developed together through sharing of ideas and opinions between the workers and the business leaders Change Strategies. (2004). The other change strategy is the programmatic change strategy; this procedure is done in stages Change Strategies. (2004). An analysis of the change approach and strategy is assessed and evaluated; the change is introduced in bits and the employees made familiar to the change through the learning objectives achieved together. The evaluation for change is done in a way that future adjustments can be made. Under negotiation strategy, all the wishes and interest of the workers are incorporated; conflicting interests are outlined and negotiated to clarify the problems identified. Negotiation is important in bringing a unified agreement about diverse opinions by different groups within an organization Change Strategies. (2004). Alternative change strategies The modern organizational environments do not call for the dogmatic change strategie s with vast bureaucracy, which may result in the derailment of change procedures and processes. There are therefore other patterns in the dynamic environments where changing dimensions are so frequent (Christensen, Horn Johnson, 2008). Alternative strategies therefore involve the perspectives that an organization can resort to incase there is a failure in the other identified strategies. The first is the change capacity; this strategy defines the extent to which an organization is able to navigate change through an organization, it navigates change in all the details and aspects that calls for its application. In any form of a formal organizational setting, capacity change is responsible for the expansion of the desired outcome and hence directs the influence that the change has on the right place hence safety (Cormier, Nurius Osborn, 2009). This is mainly achieved through constant application of leadership skill since this is the surest way to jump-start and implement change henc e facilitating its sustainability. With sustained change, the influence level of the organizations to the surrounding environment rises, this translates into an increased level of involvement by the stakeholders in the organizations even during times of fierce change and instability (Christensen, Horn Johnson, 2008). It is a hard nut to crack initiating change when this strategy is lacking since anyone approached for change will always be skeptical and there will be no one willing to act on the proposed changes. Therefore, this form of change agent is recommended for application throughout the process of change since it is quite prudent and it is the subjects of the change themselves that can always influence the change towards the desired direction by the organization in discussion (Cormier, Nurius Osborn, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the leadership should always be on the watch to integrate all options and make several possibility outcomes at standby (Cummings Worley, 2009). This is an emergency measure that helps resolve the likely crisis in case a wrong change process is put in place. Sometimes leaders may be under pressure to implement a change strategy without enough time to consider the repercussions hence the need to put options in place in waiting for any unfortunate occurrence. This stage also involves the incorporation of the other employees to help in the formation of the alternatives since getting the necessary information is quite easy. The options developed should frequently be reviewed to ensure that they are up to date with the relevant technological standards. Environmental scanning is also vital to help in the SWOT analysis of the business (Cummings Worley, 2009). Practice application of theory to a specific change situation Good theories are the most practical tools of dealing with change that have ever been devised on the surface of the earth (Green, 2007). Change is also never instant and this is harmful since it blocks people from realizing the successes that are achieved because of the changes made. In the process of change as have been noted earlier, communication to the stakeholders if vital to make everyone aware of whatever should be accomplished, the progress at each stage should also be reported to the stakeholders and the challenges faced accompanied by how the challenges are to be addressed (Green, 2007). All the challenges are grouped together as received from all the partners and their viewpoints. The differences must also be identified and placed in their relevant groups. Thereafter, the right methods of mitigation and strategies to handle appropriately the identified and grouped challenges are consolidated (Cummings Worley, 2009). The above activities all narrow down to change strategy theories. Majority refers theory of change as paths toward s change or change engines. A theory of change sets on stage a representation that guides towards the path that directs change and makes sure that you are on the right track. Therefore, without a theory to manage change, it is as if a vehicle riding in the bush without any aims (Ndulo Grieco, 2009). This proves the practicality of change theory and its essentiality as part of doing transformation of a business or organization. Theories of change occurs in a diverse forms which depends on the subjects that are dealt with, their planning and control procedures. One of the most advocated for form of change theory is the outcome map, this is a diagram that can be observed as it shows how strategies and outcomes are related. The results integrate both short term and long-term results, which depicts changes and how they occur at each level of management in an organization. An outcome map is a theory that is easier to deal with since it has no defined procedure of forming it; each map has a unique way, which is highly dependent upon the unique needs of the organization. The most important and fundamental thing is to give every stakeholder space to give their views which must be accommodated in developing the theories (Patterson, 2008). It is also important to place to book all the assumptions for the formation of the theory. The initiatives, principles and philosophies are also integrated and ultimately inclined towards the direction of desired change not forgetting the efforts made. For the theory of change to work the outcome map has to be developed in time and a list of assumptions have to be instituted and clearly defined. The outcome map as a theory of change articulates all the assumptions applied by the workforce in their efforts to explaining a change process (Patterson, 2008). As a result, the above assumptions explain the interconnectivity of the change levels right from the preconditions running through the short-term and the long-term procedures. The out come map defined above is made up of the following elements; the directions that shows a variety of outcomes and how they are related as they are considered to be the before conditions of a future goal. The second element is the signs definition that is strong enough to give value to the measurement of success (Patterson, 2008); this is connected to the intervention measures that are applicable to the preconditions along the way in every step of the change intervention procedure. Lastly, the outcome map presents and explains al the assumption under each situation clearly showing how the whole theory is likely to bring sense. The major strength of the theory above is that it has an inherent common nature of sense (Ndulo Grieco, 2009). The main competitive advantage that it offers to its users is the fact that the other available theories are not that up to the task in directing change procedures. Finally, it is important to note that outcome maps are only a single approach among man y and mainly applicable in selected cases of change. It is though factual that outcome maps have been used severally and is a proof that it can be adopted for change management in majority of the situations available (Patterson, 2008). References Bates, T. (2000). Managing technological change strategies for college and university leaders. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Beerel, A. C. (2009). Leadership and change management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Brown, T., KaÃÅ'„tz, B. (2009). Change by design: how design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. New York: Harper Business. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2009). Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools techniques of organizational change (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page. Change Strategies. (2004). Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge Scholars Pub. Christensen, C. M., Horn, M. B., Johnson, C. W. (2008). Disrupting class: how disruptive innovation will change the way the world learns. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cormier, L. S., Nurius, P., Osborn, C. J. (2009). Interviewing and change strategies for helpers: fundamental skills and cognitive behavioral interventions (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2009). Organization development change (9th ed.). Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Green, M. (2007). Change management masterclass a step by step guide to successful change management. London: Kogan Page. Ndulo, M., Grieco, M. (2009). Power, gender, and social change in Africa. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Pub. Patterson, K. (2008). Influencer: the power to change anything. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Advanced applied quantitative methods in finance Essay

Advanced applied quantitative methods in finance - Essay Example Financial time series have features that are represented well by models with dynamic variances. In this part, we focus at modeling the financial time series of the Italian Stock market index as well as the Spanish stock market index. We thus intend to examine the volatility in the Italian Spanish markets by understanding the change in commodity prices over a period of time. Finally we aim to present the various processes through which financial decisions are taken by aid of volatility modeling. Uses regression to provide possible estimates of the disturbance variances at each sample point and the original relation is then re-estimated by the weighted least squares procedure that corrects for the heteroskedasticity. The data is a time series data that includes 4255 daily market index prices for the Italian stock market spanning over the period 12/31/1997-22/01/2014 we also have the Spanish stock market data that includes 7122 daily market index prices spanning from 1/5/1987 to 4/22/2014 The series are characterized by random, rapid changes and are said to be volatile. The volatility seems to change over time as well. There has been upward and downward effects in volatility for the Italian market while the time series plot for Spanish market shows somehow an upward increase with slight variations (decreases) in between the years. The variations in volatility could be as a result among other factors, political factors or the international market changes. The histograms of the empirical distribution of the series are given below. For both the two market indexes, we observe that the series are leptokurtic. That is, they have lots of observations around the average and a relatively large number of observations that are far from average; for the Italian market index, the centre of the histogram has a high peak and the tails

EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS FOR HISPANIC STUDENTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS FOR HISPANIC STUDENTS - Essay Example Ð s bilinguÐ °l students first intense encounter with the English lÐ °nguÐ °ge Ð °nd with Ð mericÐ °n culture Ð °nd society, schools must overcome sociÐ °l Ð °ttitudes opposed to the sociÐ °l Ð °nd Ð °cÐ °demic development of bilinguÐ °l leÐ °rners. Successful schools creÐ °te Ð ° productive Ð °cÐ °demic environment Ð °nd Ð °n Ð °ccepting community. Ð lthough schools cÐ °nnot chÐ °nge the sociÐ °l reÐ °lity, they cÐ °n creÐ °te Ð ° different society within their wÐ °lls. Getting to know the students Ð °nd their fÐ °milies Ð °s well Ð °s welcoming their lÐ °nguÐ °ges Ð °nd cultures cÐ °n build Ð ° coherent community where the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m becomes Ð °n integrÐ °l pÐ °rt of the school. Improvement of bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms necessitÐ °tes fundÐ °mentÐ °l chÐ °nges within the whole school becÐ °use the overÐ °ll quÐ °lity of the school will Ð °ffect the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m. For the most pÐ °rt, good bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms exist within good schools. To creÐ °te Ð ° sound context for bilinguÐ °l leÐ °rners schools should set cleÐ °r goÐ °ls, creÐ °te Ð ° bilinguÐ °l biculturÐ °l society, integrÐ °te the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m into the school community, know the bilinguÐ °l students, provide leÐ °dership Ð °nd support for the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m, set high expectÐ °tions for bilinguÐ °l students, hire quÐ °lity personnel willing Ð °nd prepÐ °red to work with bilinguÐ °l students, estÐ °blish productive pÐ °rtnerships with pÐ °rents Ð °nd communities of the bilinguÐ °l students. Commitment of principÐ °ls Ð °nd mÐ °instreÐ °m stÐ °ff to the progrÐ °m Ð °nd the students mÐ °kes it possible for bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms to be integrÐ °ted into the whole school. Ð ll stÐ °ff Ð °nd not only the bilinguÐ °l stÐ °ff should be responsible for the bilinguÐ °l students educÐ °tion. In turn, the bilinguÐ °l stÐ °ff should pÐ °rticipÐ °te in generÐ °l school Ð °ctivities Ð °nd decision mÐ °king. When curriculum improvement or speciÐ °l progrÐ °ms Ð °re introduced, the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m should Ð °lso be included. RegÐ °rdless of

Assessment Activity Weel 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assessment Activity Weel 4 - Essay Example The assumptions that are necessary when using customer driven analytics to make managerial decisions are: i. Gathering of proper information about customers and store performance. ii. The detailed knowledge of its customer and sales patterns helps the firm to determine which items were selling well, or which items were most profitable to sell in the first place. iii. Keeping track of its purchase transactions and analyzing them to mass information about customer demand, pricing, and interest about new products. iv. Store assortments the increased productivity of inventories and store space within consumer interface v. Replenishment upon optimizing time and cost in Seven-Eleven replenishment system vi. Efficient promotion in maximizing total system efficiency of trade and consumer promotion vii. Product introduction reflect effectiveness of new product development and introduction activities 2. The IT strategy for Seven Eleven influences other aspects of the business such as inventory , human resource and vendor relationships. i. Freshness: The SEJ’s retail strategy emphasized on the freshness not only on perishable products but also on all the merchandise items, by changing the products as per the customer preferences.

Tariffs Used At Chittagong Port Economics Essay

Tariffs Used At Chittagong Port Economics Essay Chittagong Port is a principal port of Bangladesh and one of the emerging container ports of South Asian regions. At present, about 92% of import and export in volume are handled through this port and the growth of handling is ranging from 12% to 14% (CPA Year Book, 2008). This port is selected to present the current pricing system and to assess the demand and competition level and cost structure of this port. Further, this paper will try to provide recommendations to increase the attractiveness and the profit of the port by changing the current pricing system. Current pricing system: The present pricing system of this port is cost based. The Chittagong Port Authority (CPA) is a basic service provider and its objective focuses mainly on providing necessary services and facilities to the port users efficiently and effectively at competitive prices. The CPA has been following the cost based tariff system since 1987. To harmonize the objectives of CPA and port users the port introduced cost based tariff system in 1987 and had started collection of revenues on the basis of cost based tariff system since that year. Under cost based tariff, all variable, fixed, mixed, and step costs on a particular date were considered. There were also consideration of the growth rate of the cargo, container, and other activities for certain period. Total activities of CPA, to determine the tariff for a particular cargo or container or on any activity or movement, were divided into operational and non-operational (other service departments) departments. All variable and traceable costs relating to a particular department were directly assigned. Then all non-traceable cost and indirect costs were apportioned to all departments on some basis. After having a total costs for each department, all cost of non-operational departments re-apportioned to the operational departments on the basis of weights. Then total cost of a particular operational department was divided by certain number of activity or cargo or container to have a unit cost or tariff. Since the tariff is cost based and there is no provision for profit in the tariff, it was essential for the CPA to increase its efficiency in operation and effectiveness in use of assets so as to ensure early recovery of the fixed cost and reach the break-even- point. After break even point every amount of contribution margin has been considered as profit and considering that CPA redesigned its operational activity and flow of operation. CPA also made profit by handling more cargo, containers, and ships than the expected handling which meant CPAs operational growth rate was more than the required growth. As CPAs per unit operational cost was increased as per expectation, its contribution margin per unit was also remained in same level. Moreover, CPAs tariff is on foreign currency (US Dollar) basis which ha further increased CPAs income by devaluating of Bangladesh Taka. Cost Structure: The cost structure of the actual revenue and capital expenditure of CPA for the year 2007-2008 is presented in Table 1 and is shown in Annex-1. The Table 1 shows that actual operating and maintenance expense for the year 2007-08 was Taka 35,137.31 lac which includes a depreciation of Taka 8848.54 lac. Consequently, variable operating and maintenance cost was Taka 26,288.77 lac which is 29.53% of total cost. However, total fixed cost like depreciation and administrative staff salaries were Taka 10,773.64 lac which is 12.10% of the total cost. It is very alarming that financing cost and taxes were Taka 27,568.66 lac which was 30.97% of the total cost. CPA has to accept the proposal of the World Bank and ADB which have been offered through Bangladesh Government for various projects as CPA was not in a position to implement all of its development projects by using only its own fund. Therefore, CPA has to pay a huge amount of interest for those loans. Port competition level: The Chittagong Port is selected in this paper for assessing the intra port competition level and competition level within the region (inter port competition). Intra Port Competition level of Chittagong Port Authority (CPA): The Chittagong Port Authority is an autonomous and a service organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of Shipping of Bangladesh Government. According to the World Bank (2007), the port of Chittagong is a tool port where port authority owns, develops, and maintains the port infrastructure as well as the superstructure, including cargo handling equipment. CPA still has some entry barriers such as not to allow the foreign terminal operators in a tender process for operating a terminal or any investment in developing and operating a terminal of CPA due to labour unions objection and in monopolistic situation without any competition. Assessment of Inter-port competition level of CPA in Bangladesh: Chittagong Port Authority (CPA) and Mongla Port Authority (MPA) are two seaports of Bangladesh, which handled 32.72 million metric tons cargo (CPA Year Book, 2008 MPA website) during the fiscal year 2007-2008. Out of 32.72 million tons of total seaborne trade CPA handled 32.02 million tons and the rest is handled by MPA. The competition level of CPA with MPA can be assessed by analyzing location, yearly throughput and market share, market concentration, comparison of tariff including its hinterland facilities. To assess the market share only container traffic will be considered. Location: Chittagong Port is situated on the south eastern part of Bangladesh at a distance of about 9 nautical miles from the shore line of the Bay of Bengal. The maximum permissible LOA of vessel is 186 meters with the maximum permissible draught ranges from 8.50m to 9.20m (CPA Year Book, 2008). On the other hand, MPA is situated on the south western part of Bangladesh at a distance 71 nautical miles upstream from the Bay of Bengal and the permissible  maximum length of vessel is 225 m with the maximum 7m draught (MPA website). Throughput and Market share: The throughput, of the years 2004 to 2008, in TEUs and market share are presented in the Table 2 and is shown in Annex-2. From the Table 2, it is clear that the CPA is controlling the container market in Bangladesh without any competition. Market concentration: The Herfindhal index (H) is calculated to assess the container market concentration of two ports based on the years 2004 and 2008 in Table 3 and is shown in Annex-3. According to the Herfindhal index (H), if H = 1 or H = 0.5 or H = 1/n (n = number of firms), the concentration of market is monopoly or duopoly or equal in market shares respectively (Cariou, 2010). In the Table 3 the Herfindhal index (H), in both years, are almost close to 1 (one) which indicates that the container market is monopolistic. Comparison of tariff of both ports: The both ports, Chittagong and Mongla are autonomous and service organizations under the administrative control of the Ministry of Shipping. Both ports pricing system is cost based. The comparison of some costs related to container handling of both ports is presented in the Table 4 and is shown in annex-4. The Table 4 indicates that both the ports have same pricing structure for container handling and container vessels except the Lift on / Lift off charge on account of empty containers which is about 33.33% less in CPA compared to MPA. Hinterland market access: The Chittagong Port is connected with the hinterland by road, rail, air and river. The major containerized import and export commodity of Bangladesh is garments accessories and readymade garments respectively. The major factories of garments are located in Chittagong and Dhaka. The Export Processing Zones are located 3-4 kilometers away from Chittagong port. The most of the business activities including industrialization and foreign investment are oriented with the region of Dhaka and Chittagong of Bangladesh. The road distance from Chittagong port to Dhaka is around 245km. Mongla Port Authority (MPA) is situated on the south western part and serves the entire western part of Bangladesh. The road distance between MPA and Dhaka is can be around 185km, nearer to Dhaka compared to Chittagong Port. For many years, majority of all import and export cargo of MPA is moved by inland water way. Unavailability of railway connection and the road connection under present lay out remains unattractive for cargo transport from the port to Dhaka due to cost and time increases than going by road to Chittagong. The communication system of Chittagong Port through road, rail, and air is stronger than the Mongla port which indicates that Chittagong port is comparatively in competitive position than Mongla port in terms of hinterland access. Assessment of Inter-port competition level of CPA with Kolkata Port Trust (KOPT), India: Recent decision of the government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh to allow the transit of the cargo of northeastern states of India has increased the competition level of CPA with the KOPT. The competition level of CPA with KOPT is assessed by considering the geographical location, throughput, market share, market concentration, pricing structure, and hinterland market access. Geographical location: Chittagong port is strategically located in competitive location (Annex-5) for the seven northeastern states of India and these states currently depend on KOPT for export and import trade by passing comparatively long distance and incurring more cost. KOPT and CPA, both are regional sea ports of India and Bangladesh respectively. Due to geographical location and present decision of both countries for transit facilities CPA as regional hub will compete with KOPT. Throughput of CPA and KOPT: Average yearly growth and total throughput of the years 2004 to 2008 is presented in Table 5 for assessing the competition level of two ports and is shown in Annex-6. The Table 5 indicates that both ports between the years 2004 and 2008 had positive growth rate in container trade and the total average yearly growth is 22.27%. Market share of Chittagong port and Kolkata port: The market share of both ports are calculated and presented in the Table 6 and is shown in Annex-7. From the Table 6, it is clear that CPA has a lion share of container market. On the other hand, both ports have almost steady market share over the mentioned years. Market concentration: The level of container market concentration of both ports is calculated for the years 2004 and 2008 by using Herfindhal Index (H) and presented in Table 7 and is shown in Annex-8. The Table 7 shows that the Herfindhal Indices (H) is 0.58 and 0.59 for the years 2004 and 2008 respectively and close to 0.5. From this value it indicates that both the years the market was duopoly because of the different natural and political hinterland. Comparison of Tariff: The tariffs in some important particular fields related to container trade of both ports are presented in Table 8 and is shown in Annex-9. By comparing the tariff in some important particular fields of both Table 8 shows that except port dues and Lift on/Lift off charges for empty containers (20 and 40) other port charges are higher of CPA than KOPT. Hinterland connection: At present, the container trades of northeastern states of India depends on KOPT which is costly and time consuming as the port is situated far away from these states. Distance by road of northeastern states from Kolkata and Chittagong is presented in Table 9 and is shown in Annex-10. From the Table 9, it is evident that Chittagong port has competitive advantage in hinterland access over Kolkata port. Conclusion and recommendations: This paper aimed to present the current pricing system for Chittagong port and assesses the demand, competition level, and cost structure of the port. Firstly, it is observed that the pricing system of CPA is cost based and the port is mainly service oriented organization acting as a tool port. Secondly, it is observed that the container market is monopolistic in CPA due to absence of private operator. The inter port competition level of CPA with MPA also monopolistic and concentration of container market is in favour of CPA due to some bottlenecks of MPA. In addition, the competition level of CPA is assessed with nearby Indian port, KOPT. Here, duopolistic market concentration is observed as both ports, at present, are using different hinterland without international competition. However, the competition level of both ports will be increased in near future as Bangladesh and Indian governments have agreed for transit facilities for northeastern Indian states. In this case, it is furt her observed that due to strategic location of CPA the port has competitive advantage over KOPT. Furthermore, the comparison of tariff of both ports shows that in some particular important fields for container trade, the tariff of CPA is higher. From the above scenarios, it is evident that the degree of market concentration of CPA is monopolistic and current pricing system is controlled by regulations. However, according to UNCTAD (1995), in various parts of the world many ports are facing increased competition because of technological change in shipping, ports and land transport which may require a relaxation of government control on port charges. This report further mentioned that, competition has forced tariff levels to become more flexible. On the other hand, the CPA will not be able to hold its monopolistic situation as trade facilitation and competitive environment are increasing in the south-Asian region. Therefore, to increase the attractiveness and the profit of the port, it is recommended that the CPA has to revise its tariff by taking some infrastructural development for its natural hinterland access, competitive hinterland access as well as by increasing the efficiency of operational activities. In summary, cost based tariff can contribute to develop its attractiveness and its profit by the following ways: Rearranging operational activities to ensure efficient operation and economic use of operational assets. 2. Maintaining operational cost at a minimum level by reducing fixed cost and taking outsourcing benefit. 3. Achieving more growth in operation than required level of growth. For example: It was assumed that Total 3 million containers will be handled in 20 years with a growth rate 5% per year. On the other hand, CPA is now handling more than 1 million per year with 12% growth rate. So after 3 million, each amount of contribution margin (CM) is profit. Moreover, up to the recovery of 3 million, 7% of growth was also contribution margin, used to recover the fixed cost. 4. Devaluation of Bangladeshi taka against dollar will also help to increase profit in nominal term. Revising tariff time to time with present cost can be a more effective way to increase profit. Moreover, to increase the attractiveness and profit of the CPA, concession may be given on account of discharging or loading charges to importer/exporter who handles certain number of containers determined by port in single call of a vessel. Furthermore, it can provide rebates on vessels introducing green award discount like Port of Rotterdam Authority.

Essay --

Ajibade Olorunfemi Professor Damion Quaye EN102 December 1, 2013 Sex Discrimination in Workplace Gender discrimination in a workplace refers to beliefs and attitudes in relation to the gender of a person at work. It is well-defined as adverse action again another person that would not have occurred had the person been another sex. Sexual discrimination should not be scrambled with sexual aggravation, although it is a form of sexual discrimination. Unfortunately, men and women face sex discernment. Women are one of the groups being discriminated against today. They try very hard to fit in and be successful in their careers. In Audre Lorde article on human differences, Age, class, sex and race, she also saw human difference could result as difference in sex. In this research, I was able to determine discernment against women is found in many workplaces. Some managers try to fix this problem, but others just ignore it. Companies that pretend that gender discrimination doesn’t exist are usually the ones that get sued for it most. Other companies try to avoid law suits by dea ling with sex discrimination and resolving fights before it gets to the law suits. Promotion and pay gap are the main concerns in gender discrimination. Many studies in the past and present have shown that women do not get promoted as fast as men and do not get the equal pay for the same kind of jobs as men. Many females feel as if they have been cheated, robbed of what they deserve. Glass ceiling prevents women from moving up in their careers, and in some cases makes it almost unbearable to get a promotion. In my opinion, female workers in the U.S. should be treated equally at work as their male coworkers. Females should be paid the same wages for the same skil... ...g Female† by Pozener, Jennifer L. Article from Montgomery College library database. 21 June 2013. â€Å"Gender discrimination in the corporate world,† by Pratik Gandhi and Sagal Agrawal. Human discrimination definition on .web 21 June 2013 â€Å"Women and Workplace Discrimination.† By Raymond F. Gregory. Book from Montgomery college library. 18 June 2013. â€Å"Sexually Explicit Images in Advertising.† By Tim Boyle. Article from Montgomery college library database. 21 June 2013 â€Å"Gender Work place problem†, by United State Supreme court. Article context from .web July 3 2013. Type 1 and Type 2. Context from by U.S supreme court. Article context from .web 26 June 2013. Women Career Planning, 1996. By women affair 1996. Article context from .web 26 June 2013. â€Å"Raise of Marginal Voice† by Statham Anne. Presents discrimination solutions, from Montgomery College library. 21 June 2013.